The following tutorial explains how to build a very simple chat application in Android using Parse backend-as-a-service.
Note: This chat application is not a fully-featured or production-ready chat app. This tutorial is an illustration of how to quickly build an app using Parse.
We can deploy our own Parse data store and push notifications systems to Back4App leveraging the server open-sourced by Parse. Parse is built on top of the MongoDB database technology and is hosted by Back4App.
To follow this guide we need to setup our own Parse server. Once the Parse server is configured, we can initialize Parse within our Android app pointing the client to our self-hosted URL. After that, the tutorial works the same as before.
You will need to save application id & client key that you can find in Back4App Dashboard. Look for "App Settings" section in the right nav bar of Back4App Dashboard, then open Security&Keys.
Let's setup Parse into a brand new Android app following the steps below.
Generate a new android project in your IDE
![[?]](https://i.imgur.com/nzD9pA8.png){kind=link}
SimpleChat
ChatActivity
settings.gradle file:dependencyResolutionManagement {
repositoriesMode.set(RepositoriesMode.FAIL_ON_PROJECT_REPOS)
repositories {
google()
mavenCentral()
maven { url "https://jitpack.io" }
}
}maven { url "https://jitpack.io" } in settings.gradle
app/build.gradle file:dependencies {
implementation 'com.github.parse-community.Parse-SDK-Android:parse:1.24.1'
implementation 'com.squareup.okhttp3:logging-interceptor:3.8.1' // for logging API calls to LogCat
}<application> tag in your AndroidManifest.xml:<uses-permission android:name="android.permission.INTERNET" />
<uses-permission android:name="android.permission.ACCESS_NETWORK_STATE" />Create an application class called ChatApplication that extends from android.app.Application.
public class ChatApplication extends Application {
@Override
public void onCreate() {
super.onCreate();
// Use for monitoring Parse network traffic
OkHttpClient.Builder builder = new OkHttpClient.Builder();
HttpLoggingInterceptor httpLoggingInterceptor = new HttpLoggingInterceptor();
// Can be Level.BASIC, Level.HEADERS, or Level.BODY
httpLoggingInterceptor.setLevel(HttpLoggingInterceptor.Level.BODY);
// any network interceptors must be added with the Configuration Builder given this syntax
builder.networkInterceptors().add(httpLoggingInterceptor);
// Set applicationId and server based on the values in the Back4App settings.
Parse.initialize(new Parse.Configuration.Builder(this)
.applicationId("PASTE_APP_ID_HERE") // ⚠️ TYPE IN A VALID APPLICATION ID HERE
.clientKey("PASTE_CLIENT_KEY_HERE") // ⚠️ TYPE IN A VALID CLIENT KEY HERE
.clientBuilder(builder)
.server("PASTE_SERVER_URL_HERE").build()); // ⚠️ TYPE IN A VALID SERVER URL HERE
}
}PASTE_APP_ID_HERE, PASTE_CLIENT_KEY_HERE, and PASTE_SERVER_URL_HERE with a valid Application ID, Client Key, and Server URL now.Add the qualified android:name of your Application subclass to the <application> tag in your AndroidManifest.xml.
<application
android:name=".ChatApplication"
android:icon="@mipmap/ic_launcher"
android:label="@string/app_name"
...>
<activity
...
/>
/>⚠️ Note: Be sure to add the android:name above after creating the custom Application class or the remainder of this guide will not work.
Let's create an XML layout which allows us to post messages by typing into a text field. Open your layout file activity_chat.xml, add an EditText and a ImageButton to compose and send text messages.
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<RelativeLayout xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"
android:background="@android:color/white"
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="match_parent">
<!-- (RecyclerView with chat messages view will go here) -->
<RelativeLayout
android:id="@+id/rlSend"
android:layout_alignParentBottom="true"
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:paddingTop="5dp"
android:paddingBottom="10dp"
android:paddingLeft="0dp"
android:paddingRight="0dp"
android:layout_height="wrap_content" >
<EditText
android:id="@+id/etMessage"
android:layout_toLeftOf="@+id/ibSend"
android:layout_alignBottom="@+id/ibSend"
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:gravity="top"
android:hint="@string/message_hint"
android:inputType="textShortMessage"
android:imeOptions="actionSend"
/>
<ImageButton
android:id="@+id/ibSend"
android:layout_width="wrap_content"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:gravity="center"
android:paddingRight="10dp"
android:layout_alignParentRight="true"
android:contentDescription="@string/send"
android:src="@drawable/ic_baseline_send_24"
android:textSize="18sp" />
</RelativeLayout>
</RelativeLayout>The imeOptions attribute is used to control the icon in the Soft Keyboard. The gravity attribute will position the ImageButton at the center vertically AND on the right horizontally.
Notice that we are using ImageButton. It allows setting a background image using android:src attribute. Now, let's add a new icon that represents a send message. Select File -> New -> Vector Asset. In the "Asset Studio" dialog select "Asset Type: Clip Art". Then click on a "Clip Art" button and search for "Send" asset. You can keep defaults for the rest of the settings or experiment changing colors and outline style.
Another thing to notice is a new attribute android:contentDescription. This attribute refers to a string that we will define in a second. Although ImageButton doesn't display text, this text is used for accessibility.
res-->values-->strings.xml file.<string name="message_hint">Say anything</string>
<string name="send">Send</string>For the sake of simplicity, we will use an anonymous user to log into our simple chat app. An anonymous user is a user that can be created without a username and password but still has all of the same capabilities as any other ParseUser. After logging out, an anonymous user is abandoned, and its data is no longer accessible.
Open your main activity class (ChatActivity.java) and make the following changes:
public class ChatActivity extends AppCompatActivity {
static final String TAG = ChatActivity.class.getSimpleName();
@Override
protected void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState) {
super.onCreate(savedInstanceState);
setContentView(R.layout.activity_chat);
// User login
if (ParseUser.getCurrentUser() != null) { // start with existing user
startWithCurrentUser();
} else { // If not logged in, login as a new anonymous user
login();
}
}
// Get the userId from the cached currentUser object
void startWithCurrentUser() {
// TODO:
}
// Create an anonymous user using ParseAnonymousUtils and set sUserId
void login() {
ParseAnonymousUtils.logIn(new LogInCallback() {
@Override
public void done(ParseUser user, ParseException e) {
if (e != null) {
Log.e(TAG, "Anonymous login failed: ", e);
} else {
startWithCurrentUser();
}
}
});
}
}class ChatActivity : AppCompatActivity() {
override fun onCreate(savedInstanceState: Bundle?) {
super.onCreate(savedInstanceState)
setContentView(R.layout.activity_chat)
// User login
if (ParseUser.getCurrentUser() != null) { // start with existing user
startWithCurrentUser()
} else { // If not logged in, login as a new anonymous user
login()
}
}
// Get the userId from the cached currentUser object
fun startWithCurrentUser() {
// TODO:
}
// Create an anonymous user using ParseAnonymousUtils and set sUserId
fun login() {
ParseAnonymousUtils.logIn { user, e ->
if (e != null) {
Log.e(TAG, "Anonymous login failed: ", e)
} else {
startWithCurrentUser()
}
}
}
companion object {
val TAG: String = "ChatActivity"
}
}Next, we will setup UI views in ChatActivity.java. On click of 'Send' button, we'll save the message object to Parse. This is done by constructing a new ParseObject and then calling saveInBackground() to persist data to the database.
public class ChatActivity extends AppCompatActivity {
static final String USER_ID_KEY = "userId";
static final String BODY_KEY = "body";
EditText etMessage;
ImageButton ibSend;
// Get the userId from the cached currentUser object
void startWithCurrentUser() {
setupMessagePosting();
}
// Set up button event handler which posts the entered message to Parse
void setupMessagePosting() {
// Find the text field and button
etMessage = (EditText) findViewById(R.id.etMessage);
ibSend = (ImageButton) findViewById(R.id.ibSend);
// When send button is clicked, create message object on Parse
ibSend.setOnClickListener(new View.OnClickListener() {
@Override
public void onClick(View v) {
String data = etMessage.getText().toString();
ParseObject message = ParseObject.create("Message");
message.put(USER_ID_KEY, ParseUser.getCurrentUser().getObjectId());
message.put(BODY_KEY, data);
message.saveInBackground(new SaveCallback() {
@Override
public void done(ParseException e) {
if (e == null) {
Toast.makeText(ChatActivity.this, "Successfully created message on Parse",
Toast.LENGTH_SHORT).show();
} else {
Log.e(TAG, "Failed to save message", e);
}
}
});
etMessage.setText(null);
}
});
}
}
val USER_ID_KEY = "userId"
val BODY_KEY = "body"
var etMessage: EditText? = null
var ibSend: ImageButton? = null
// Get the userId from the cached currentUser object
fun startWithCurrentUser() {
setupMessagePosting()
}
// Set up button event handler which posts the entered message to Parse
fun setupMessagePosting() {
// Find the text field and button
etMessage = findViewById<View>(R.id.etMessage) as EditText
ibSend = findViewById<View>(R.id.ibSend) as ImageButton
// When send button is clicked, create message object on Parse
ibSend.setOnClickListener(object : OnClickListener() {
fun onClick(v: View?) {
val data: String = etMessage.getText().toString()
val message = ParseObject.create("Message")
message.put(USER_ID_KEY, ParseUser.getCurrentUser().objectId)
message.put(BODY_KEY, data)
message.saveInBackground(object : SaveCallback {
override fun done(e: ParseException?) {
if (e == null) {
Toast.makeText(
this@ChatActivity, "Successfully created message on Parse",
Toast.LENGTH_SHORT
).show()
} else {
Log.e(TAG, "Failed to save message", e)
}
}
})
etMessage.setText(null)
}
})
}At this point, run your application and try to send a text to Parse. If the save was successful, you should see 'Successfully created message on Parse' toast on your screen.
If you do not see the Toast on your screen, check the Logcat and search for "ChatActivity". If you see Anonymous login failed, check the values you entered for .applicationId(...) and .clientKey(...) in your ChatApplication.java file.
💡 Note: If you're using a self-deployed Back4App backend (using your own private Application ID and Client Key that you created by yourself in Back4App) then you will also need to create a new Class in your Back4App Dashboard which messages will be saved to. Navigate to your project's Dashboard --> Core --> Database Browser and click "Create a class". Select "Message" as a name for your class and add 2 columns:
userId of type String
body of type String Try sending message again from the app. You can then check if the data was saved by verifying whether the objects were created in Back4App Dashboard. Navigate to your project's Dashboard --> Core --> Database Browser --> Messages to see if the message appears there.
Refer to the Testing Deployment section of Configuring a Parse Server for more info.
Now that we have verified that messages are successfully being saved to your Parse database, let's go ahead and build the UI to send and retrieve these messages. Open your layout file activity_chat.xml and add a RecyclerView to display the text messages from parse.
First, add the RecyclerView as a dependency in your app/build.gradle:
dependencies {
...
implementation 'androidx.recyclerview:recyclerview:1.0.0'
}Next, add your RecyclerView to the layout. After doing so, your activity_chat.xml file can look like this:
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<RelativeLayout xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"
android:background="@android:color/white"
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="match_parent">
<androidx.recyclerview.widget.RecyclerView
android:id="@+id/rvChat"
android:transcriptMode="alwaysScroll"
android:layout_alignParentTop="true"
android:layout_alignParentLeft="true"
android:layout_alignParentRight="true"
android:layout_above="@+id/rlSend"
android:layout_width="wrap_content"
android:layout_height="match_parent" />
<RelativeLayout
android:id="@+id/rlSend"
android:layout_alignParentBottom="true"
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:paddingTop="5dp"
android:paddingBottom="10dp"
android:paddingLeft="0dp"
android:paddingRight="0dp"
android:layout_height="wrap_content" >
<EditText
android:id="@+id/etMessage"
android:layout_toLeftOf="@+id/ibSend"
android:layout_alignBottom="@+id/ibSend"
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:gravity="top"
android:hint="@string/message_hint"
android:inputType="textShortMessage"
android:imeOptions="actionSend"
/>
<ImageButton
android:id="@+id/ibSend"
android:layout_width="wrap_content"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:gravity="center"
android:paddingRight="10dp"
android:layout_alignParentRight="true"
android:contentDescription="@string/send"
android:src="@drawable/ic_baseline_send_24"
android:textSize="18sp" />
</RelativeLayout>
</RelativeLayout>If you would like to use ConstraintLayout instead of RelativeLayout, your activity_chat.xml code can look like this instead of the above:
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<android.support.constraint.ConstraintLayout xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"
xmlns:app="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res-auto"
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="match_parent">
<EditText
android:id="@+id/etMessage"
android:layout_width="0dp"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:layout_marginStart="8dp"
android:layout_marginTop="8dp"
android:layout_marginBottom="8dp"
android:hint="@string/message_hint"
android:imeOptions="actionSend"
android:inputType="textShortMessage"
app:layout_constraintBottom_toBottomOf="parent"
app:layout_constraintEnd_toStartOf="@+id/ibSend"
app:layout_constraintHorizontal_bias="0.5"
app:layout_constraintStart_toStartOf="parent"
app:layout_constraintTop_toBottomOf="@+id/rvChat" />
<ImageButton
android:id="@+id/ibSend"
android:layout_width="wrap_content"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:gravity="center"
android:paddingRight="10dp"
android:layout_alignParentRight="true"
android:contentDescription="@string/send"
android:src="@drawable/ic_baseline_send_24"
android:textSize="18sp"
app:layout_constraintBottom_toBottomOf="parent"
app:layout_constraintEnd_toEndOf="parent"
app:layout_constraintHorizontal_bias="0.5"
app:layout_constraintStart_toEndOf="@+id/etMessage"
app:layout_constraintTop_toTopOf="@+id/etMessage" />
<androidx.recyclerview.widget.RecyclerView
android:id="@+id/rvChat"
android:layout_width="0dp"
android:layout_height="0dp"
android:layout_marginStart="8dp"
android:layout_marginTop="8dp"
android:layout_marginEnd="8dp"
app:layout_constraintBottom_toTopOf="@+id/etMessage"
app:layout_constraintEnd_toEndOf="parent"
app:layout_constraintHorizontal_bias="0.5"
app:layout_constraintStart_toStartOf="parent"
app:layout_constraintTop_toTopOf="parent" />
</android.support.constraint.ConstraintLayout>In this lab we will learn how to use adapter to create different views for incoming and outgoing messages. In other words, we can have two different types of items, with different designs, coexisting within a single RecyclerView.
📖 You can read more about creating gravatars here.
Now we need to create two layout files, one to represent each chat type of message - incoming & outgoing - in the RecyclerView. Create a new layout file res/layout/message_incoming.xml containing the following:
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<!-- res/layout/message_incoming.xml -->
<RelativeLayout xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:paddingVertical="10dp"
android:paddingLeft="15dp"
android:paddingRight="60dp"
android:clipToPadding="false">
<TextView
android:id="@+id/tvName"
android:layout_marginLeft="15dp"
android:layout_toRightOf="@+id/ivProfileOther"
android:layout_alignTop="@+id/ivProfileOther"
android:layout_width="wrap_content"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:paddingBottom="4dp"
android:text="Johny Lindsey" />
<ImageView
android:id="@+id/ivProfileOther"
android:layout_alignParentLeft="true"
android:contentDescription="@string/profile_other"
android:layout_width="64dp"
android:layout_height="64dp"
android:src="@mipmap/ic_launcher" />
<TextView
android:layout_width="wrap_content"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:id="@+id/tvBody"
android:layout_below="@+id/tvName"
android:layout_alignLeft="@+id/tvName"
android:background="@drawable/message_incoming"
android:paddingVertical="12dp"
android:paddingHorizontal="16dp"
android:elevation="2dp"
android:textSize="18dp"
android:text="Someone else's message" />
</RelativeLayout>For outgoing messages (messages that you send) create another layout file messages_outgoing:
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<!-- res/layout/message_outgoing.xml -->
<RelativeLayout xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"
android:layout_width="match_parent"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:clipToPadding="false"
android:paddingVertical="10dp"
android:paddingLeft="60dp"
android:paddingRight="15dp">
<TextView
android:id="@+id/tvBody"
android:layout_width="wrap_content"
android:layout_height="wrap_content"
android:layout_marginRight="8dp"
android:layout_toLeftOf="@+id/ivProfileMe"
android:background="@drawable/message_outgoing"
android:elevation="2dp"
android:padding="8dp"
android:text="Your outgoing message here"
android:textColor="@android:color/white"
android:textSize="18dp" />
<ImageView
android:id="@+id/ivProfileMe"
android:layout_width="64dp"
android:layout_height="64dp"
android:layout_alignParentRight="true"
android:contentDescription="@string/profile_me"
android:src="@mipmap/ic_launcher" />
</RelativeLayout>Add the following two values to the res-->values-->strings.xml file, before the </resources> closing tag:
<string name="profile_me">My Profile Pic</string>
<string name="profile_other">Other profile pic</string>As we learned before, those labels can be picked up by accessibility framework in Android and pronounced to a user who relies on TalkBack
In order to re-create popular chat "bubble" UI we need to define proper backgrounds. We referred to them in the section 7.1 as @drawable/message_outgoing and @drawable/message_incoming. In res --> drawable folder create two files:
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<!-- res/drawable/message_outgoing.xml -->
<shape xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"
android:shape="rectangle">
<solid android:color="@color/design_default_color_primary" />
<corners android:topRightRadius="5dp" android:radius="15dp" />
</shape>and
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<!-- res/drawable/message_incoming.xml -->
<shape xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"
android:shape="rectangle">
<solid android:color="#fff" />
<corners android:topLeftRadius="5dp" android:radius="15dp" />
</shape>Now let's create a Message.java class which will extend from ParseObject. This model class will provide message data for the RecyclerView, and will be used to retrieve and save messages to Parse.
// ...
@ParseClassName("Message")
public class Message extends ParseObject {
public static final String USER_ID_KEY = "userId";
public static final String BODY_KEY = "body";
public String getUserId() {
return getString(USER_ID_KEY);
}
public String getBody() {
return getString(BODY_KEY);
}
public void setUserId(String userId) {
put(USER_ID_KEY, userId);
}
public void setBody(String body) {
put(BODY_KEY, body);
}
}We also need to make sure to register this class with Parse before we call Parse.initialize within the ChatApplication.java file:
public class ChatApplication extends Application {
// ...
@Override
public void onCreate() {
super.onCreate();
ParseObject.registerSubclass(Message.class);
// Use for monitoring Parse OkHttp traffic
OkHttpClient.Builder builder = new OkHttpClient.Builder();
HttpLoggingInterceptor httpLoggingInterceptor = new HttpLoggingInterceptor();
// Can be Level.BASIC, Level.HEADERS, or Level.BODY
// ...
}
// ...
}Finally, we refactor ChatActivity and rename the references to the model keys
...
void setupMessagePosting() {
// Find the text field and button
etMessage = (EditText) findViewById(R.id.etMessage);
ibSend = (ImageButton) findViewById(R.id.ibSend);
// When send button is clicked, create message object on Parse
ibSend.setOnClickListener(new View.OnClickListener() {
@Override
public void onClick(View v) {
String data = etMessage.getText().toString();
// Delete the following three lines:
//ParseObject message = ParseObject.create("Message");
//message.put(Message.USER_ID_KEY, ParseUser.getCurrentUser().getObjectId());
//message.put(Message.BODY_KEY, data);
/*** START OF CHANGE **/
// Using new `Message.java` Parse-backed model now
Message message = new Message();
message.setUserId(ParseUser.getCurrentUser().getObjectId());
message.setBody(data);
/*** END OF CHANGE **/
message.saveInBackground(new SaveCallback() {
@Override
public void done(ParseException e) {
if (e == null) {
Toast.makeText(ChatActivity.this, "Successfully created message on Parse",
Toast.LENGTH_SHORT).show();
} else {
Log.e(TAG, "Failed to save message", e);
}
}
});
etMessage.setText(null);
}
});
}
...With our model defined with Parse and properly registered, we can now use this model to store and retrieve message data.
Create a class named ChatAdapter.java with below code. This is a custom list adapter class which provides data to RecyclerView. In other words it renders the message_incoming.xml (or message_outgoing.xml) in list by pre-filling appropriate information. We'll be using the open source Glide library to load profile images.
First, add dependency for this library to the app/build.gradle file:
...
dependencies {
implementation 'com.github.bumptech.glide:glide:4.11.0'
}We start by creating a very basic ChatAdapter that extends RecyclerView.Adapter. We will initialize the adapter instance by passing context, userId and the list of our chat messages:
⚠️ WARNING: It is okay if MessageViewHolder is red in your code, leave it red. We will create that class in the next couple chapters...
// ...
public class ChatAdapter extends RecyclerView.Adapter<ChatAdapter.MessageViewHolder> {
private List<Message> mMessages;
private Context mContext;
private String mUserId;
public ChatAdapter(Context context, String userId, List<Message> messages) {
mMessages = messages;
this.mUserId = userId;
mContext = context;
}
@Override
public int getItemCount() {
return mMessages.size();
}
// TODO: create onCreateViewHolder and onBindViewHolder later (covered in the next few chapters...)
}We will continue implementing this adapter in the next couple chapters...
Now it's time to define the view types and implement the code that will allow adapter to decide which view type to use for every message in our chat.
First, let's define two integer constants types MESSAGE_INCOMING and MESSAGE_OUTGOING. Their values can be choosen at random as long as they are not the same 😅
Second, we will implement getItemViewType(int position) that will return view type (incoming or outgoing) based on the message position. Our adapter should look like this:
public class ChatAdapter extends RecyclerView.Adapter<ChatAdapter.MessageViewHolder> {
...
private static final int MESSAGE_OUTGOING = 123;
private static final int MESSAGE_INCOMING = 321;
@Override
public int getItemViewType(int position) {
if (isMe(position)) {
return MESSAGE_OUTGOING;
} else {
return MESSAGE_INCOMING;
}
}
}The function isMe() is a little helper function that can be implemented like this:
private boolean isMe(int position) {
Message message = mMessages.get(position);
return message.getUserId() != null && message.getUserId().equals(mUserId);
}ViewHolders for view typesEvery message type is represented by its own view that we defined in XML layouts. Each of those views can be assigned its own ViewHolder type. If you need a refresher on ViewHolder patern, see this guide.
Let's begin by defining a common ViewHolder base class - MessageViewHolder. This class will be the lowest common denominator between Incoming and Outgoing messages. You can define those classes inside ChatAdapter class or create a separate file for ViewHolders.
public class ChatAdapter extends RecyclerView.Adapter<ChatAdapter.MessageViewHolder> {
...
public abstract class MessageViewHolder extends RecyclerView.ViewHolder {
public MessageViewHolder(@NonNull View itemView) {
super(itemView);
}
abstract void bindMessage(Message message);
}
}In this example we define the class as abstract meaning it can't have any instances. Let's define actual implementations for incoming and outgoing message view holders:
...
public abstract class MessageViewHolder extends RecyclerView.ViewHolder {
public MessageViewHolder(@NonNull View itemView) {
super(itemView);
}
abstract void bindMessage(Message message);
}
public class IncomingMessageViewHolder extends MessageViewHolder {
ImageView imageOther;
TextView body;
TextView name;
public IncomingMessageViewHolder(View itemView) {
super(itemView);
imageOther = (ImageView)itemView.findViewById(R.id.ivProfileOther);
body = (TextView)itemView.findViewById(R.id.tvBody);
name = (TextView)itemView.findViewById(R.id.tvName);
}
@Override
public void bindMessage(Message message) {
// TODO: implement later
}
}
public class OutgoingMessageViewHolder extends MessageViewHolder {
ImageView imageMe;
TextView body;
public OutgoingMessageViewHolder(View itemView) {
super(itemView);
imageMe = (ImageView)itemView.findViewById(R.id.ivProfileMe);
body = (TextView)itemView.findViewById(R.id.tvBody);
}
@Override
public void bindMessage(Message message) {
// TODO: implement later
}
}As you can see those ViewHolders have different view components assigned to them. This is because we previously decided to have different view layouts to easily distinguish the messages in our chat.
Next, we need to assign correct view holders based on a view type:
public class ChatAdapter extends RecyclerView.Adapter<ChatAdapter.MessageViewHolder> {
...
@Override
public MessageViewHolder onCreateViewHolder(ViewGroup parent, int viewType) {
Context context = parent.getContext();
LayoutInflater inflater = LayoutInflater.from(context);
if (viewType == MESSAGE_INCOMING) {
View contactView = inflater.inflate(R.layout.message_incoming, parent, false);
return new IncomingMessageViewHolder(contactView);
} else if (viewType == MESSAGE_OUTGOING) {
View contactView = inflater.inflate(R.layout.message_outgoing, parent, false);
return new OutgoingMessageViewHolder(contactView);
} else {
throw new IllegalArgumentException("Unknown view type");
}
}
}In the example above we create new views from xml layout and assign them to corresponding view holders. In case if the view type is different from the ones we defined we will throw an exception. This is a good choice that follows "fail fast" programming principle. Since the "Unknown view type" is an unlikely scenario it would be better to crash application notifying a developer that something goes wrong.
ViewHoldersIn this final part of the adapter setup we will bind data from individual messages to corresponding ViewHolders. Let's start by defining how each ViewHolder displays their message:
public class IncomingMessageViewHolder extends MessageViewHolder {
...
@Override
public void bindMessage(Message message) {
// Delete the following comment:
// TODO: implement later
/*** START OF CHANGE ***/
Glide.with(mContext)
.load(getProfileUrl(message.getUserId()))
.circleCrop() // create an effect of a round profile picture
.into(imageOther);
body.setText(message.getBody());
name.setText(message.getUserId()); // in addition to message show user ID
/*** END OF CHANGE ***/
}
}
public class OutgoingMessageViewHolder extends MessageViewHolder {
...
@Override
public void bindMessage(Message message) {
// Delete the following comment:
// TODO: implement later
/*** START OF CHANGE ***/
Glide.with(mContext)
.load(getProfileUrl(message.getUserId()))
.circleCrop() // create an effect of a round profile picture
.into(imageMe);
body.setText(message.getBody());
/*** END OF CHANGE ***/
}
}
Additionally, add the following new getProfileUrl method to your code, just before the ChatAdapter initializer method:
// ...
// Create a gravatar image based on the hash value obtained from userId
private static String getProfileUrl(final String userId) {
String hex = "";
try {
final MessageDigest digest = MessageDigest.getInstance("MD5");
final byte[] hash = digest.digest(userId.getBytes());
final BigInteger bigInt = new BigInteger(hash);
hex = bigInt.abs().toString(16);
} catch (Exception e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
return "https://www.gravatar.com/avatar/" + hex + "?d=identicon";
}
public ChatAdapter(Context context, String userId, List<Message> messages) {
// ...
📖 You can read more about MD5 hashes/calculations and gravatar links here.
In the code above we use Glide library to load gravatars from a given URL. If you need a refresher on Glide see Displaying Images with the Glide Library. The method getProfileUrl() is responsible for decoding user ID and creating an image URL that can be passed into the Glide library.
Finally, we should tell ChatAdapter how (and when) to bind different message types to different view types:
public class ChatAdapter extends RecyclerView.Adapter<ChatAdapter.MessageViewHolder> {
...
@Override
public void onBindViewHolder(MessageViewHolder holder, int position) {
Message message = mMessages.get(position);
holder.bindMessage(message);
}
}Here you can see an example of one of the object-oriented programming principles - polymorphism - in action. Since we defined the MessageViewHolder as a parent class for both types of the message the runtime will decide what is the right bindMessage() call for a given ViewHolder.
Finally, you should have no more outstanding errors in your ChatAdapter.java file. Let's now make use of this adapter...
Back in your ChatActivity.java file, we will now set up the RecyclerView and bind our custom adapter to it:
public class ChatActivity extends AppCompatActivity {
// ...
// Setup message field and posting
void setupMessagePosting() {
etMessage = (EditText) findViewById(R.id.etMessage);
ibSend = (ImageButton) findViewById(R.id.ibSend);
rvChat = (RecyclerView) findViewById(R.id.rvChat);
mMessages = new ArrayList<>();
mFirstLoad = true;
final String userId = ParseUser.getCurrentUser().getObjectId();
mAdapter = new ChatAdapter(ChatActivity.this, userId, mMessages);
rvChat.setAdapter(mAdapter);
// associate the LayoutManager with the RecylcerView
final LinearLayoutManager linearLayoutManager = new LinearLayoutManager(ChatActivity.this);
rvChat.setLayoutManager(linearLayoutManager);
// When send button is clicked, create message object on Parse
ibSend.setOnClickListener(new View.OnClickListener() {
@Override
public void onClick(View v) {
String data = etMessage.getText().toString();
//ParseObject message = ParseObject.create("Message");
//message.put(Message.USER_ID_KEY, userId);
//message.put(Message.BODY_KEY, data);
// Using new `Message` Parse-backed model now
Message message = new Message();
message.setUserId(ParseUser.getCurrentUser().getObjectId());
message.setBody(data);
message.saveInBackground(new SaveCallback() {
@Override
public void done(ParseException e) {
Toast.makeText(ChatActivity.this, "Successfully created message on Parse",
Toast.LENGTH_SHORT).show();
refreshMessages();
}
});
etMessage.setText(null);
}
});
}
// Query messages from Parse so we can load them into the chat adapter
void refreshMessages() {
// TODO:
}
...
}Now we can fetch last 50 messages from parse and bind them to the RecyclerView with the use of our custom messages adapter within ChatActivity.java:
public class ChatActivity extends AppCompatActivity {
...
static final int MAX_CHAT_MESSAGES_TO_SHOW = 50;
...
// Query messages from Parse so we can load them into the chat adapter
void refreshMessages() {
// Construct query to execute
ParseQuery<Message> query = ParseQuery.getQuery(Message.class);
// Configure limit and sort order
query.setLimit(MAX_CHAT_MESSAGES_TO_SHOW);
// get the latest 50 messages, order will show up newest to oldest of this group
query.orderByDescending("createdAt");
// Execute query to fetch all messages from Parse asynchronously
// This is equivalent to a SELECT query with SQL
query.findInBackground(new FindCallback<Message>() {
public void done(List<Message> messages, ParseException e) {
if (e == null) {
mMessages.clear();
mMessages.addAll(messages);
mAdapter.notifyDataSetChanged(); // update adapter
// Scroll to the bottom of the list on initial load
if (mFirstLoad) {
rvChat.scrollToPosition(0);
mFirstLoad = false;
}
} else {
Log.e("message", "Error Loading Messages" + e);
}
}
});
}
}If you get to this step, you will display the newest posts ordered from newest to oldest. You can reverse the order without necessarily doing a linear sort by setting setReverseLayout to be true.
public class ChatActivity extends AppCompatActivity {
// Get the items in the reverse order:
void setupMessagePosting() {
// ...
final LinearLayoutManager linearLayoutManager = new LinearLayoutManager(ChatActivity.this);
linearLayoutManager.setReverseLayout(true);
// ...
}
// ...
}Now, we should be able to see the messages in the list after posting but we won't yet see them update on load or as new messages are created on other clients.
Finally, let's periodically refresh the RecyclerView with latest messages using a handler. The handler will call a runnable to fetch new messages every 3 second. This is a primitive "polling" rather than the more efficient "push" technique for refreshing new messages - but will work for the purposes of this simple project.
WARNING It's important to remember, that polling often leads to redundancy, e.g. making many unnecessary requests when there was no change in data. In addition to that, frequent requests are costly due to increased battery drain and cost of cell data traffic. We will look at a couple techniques to prevent unnecessary polling when application is inactive.
...
// Create a handler which can run code periodically
static final long POLL_INTERVAL = TimeUnit.SECONDS.toMillis(3);
Handler myHandler = new android.os.Handler();
Runnable mRefreshMessagesRunnable = new Runnable() {
@Override
public void run() {
refreshMessages();
myHandler.postDelayed(this, POLL_INTERVAL);
}
};
...
@Override
protected void onResume() {
super.onResume();
// Only start checking for new messages when the app becomes active in foreground
myHandler.postDelayed(mRefreshMessagesRunnable, POLL_INTERVAL);
}
@Override
protected void onPause() {
// Stop background task from refreshing messages, to avoid unnecessary traffic & battery drain
myHandler.removeCallbacksAndMessages(null);
super.onPause();
}
}The methods onResume() and onPause() are sort of mirror lifecycle callbacks. First is getting called when the Activity is ready to be resumed and about to be displayed to the user. onPause() is the exact opposite and gets called when a current Activity is about to go into background.
It's important to only start polling when onResume() is getting called and ensuring we stop listening for any callbacks as soon as activity becomes invisible. However, in production chat application you might want to run a background service that will be periodically checking for messages and displaying Message notifications to a user.
See the repeating periodic tasks guide to learn more about the handler.
As an alternative to Chapter 12 above, the Back4App server can be configured properly to listen to the Message object for changes (see this example).
💡 Note: If you're using a self-deployed Back4App backend (using your own private Application ID and Client Key that you created by yourself in Back4App) then you will also need to enable liveQuery functionality in tour Back4App server installation. See this documentation to generate a Websocket URL and enable Live Queries in your Back4App server.
We can now use Parse Live Queries in our Android app to listen for new messages. We can disable the use of the postDelayed() runnable that we created in the earlier step:
// myHandler.postDelayed(mRefreshMessagesRunnable, POLL_INTERVAL); // ⚠️ Comment this out now!First, make sure to add the Parse LiveQuery dependency to your app/build.gradle config:
dependencies {
implementation 'com.github.parse-community:ParseLiveQuery-Android:1.1.0' // for Parse Live Queries
}Next, we will configure to listen for any newly created Message object:
protected void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState) {
super.onCreate(savedInstanceState);
// ...
// Parse.initialize(...) should happen first, preferably in a different file such as your ChatApplication.java
/*** START OF CHANGE ***/
// Load existing messages to begin with
refreshMessages();
// Make sure the Parse server is setup to configured for live queries
// Enter the websocket URL of your Parse server
String websocketUrl = "wss://PASTE_SERVER_WEBSOCKET_URL_HERE"; // ⚠️ TYPE IN A VALID WSS:// URL HERE
ParseLiveQueryClient parseLiveQueryClient = null;
try {
parseLiveQueryClient = ParseLiveQueryClient.Factory.getClient(new URI(websocketUrl));
} catch (URISyntaxException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
ParseQuery<Message> parseQuery = ParseQuery.getQuery(Message.class);
// This query can even be more granular (i.e. only refresh if the entry was added by some other user)
// parseQuery.whereNotEqualTo(USER_ID_KEY, ParseUser.getCurrentUser().getObjectId());
// Connect to Parse server
SubscriptionHandling<Message> subscriptionHandling = parseLiveQueryClient.subscribe(parseQuery);
// Listen for CREATE events on the Message class
subscriptionHandling.handleEvent(SubscriptionHandling.Event.CREATE, (query, object) -> {
mMessages.add(0, object);
// RecyclerView updates need to be run on the UI thread
runOnUiThread(new Runnable() {
@Override
public void run() {
mAdapter.notifyDataSetChanged();
rvChat.scrollToPosition(0);
}
});
});
/*** END OF CHANGE ***/
}PASTE_SERVER_WEBSOCKET_URL_HERE with a valid Websocket URL now.
New messages should now be displayed in your app automatically while the app is running, as people post new messages into the Message class in Parse. Pulling to refresh the RecyclerView is no longer needed, thanks to Parse Live Queries.
The final manifest for this chat application looks like:
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<manifest xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"
package="com.codepath.android.simplechat">
<uses-permission android:name="android.permission.INTERNET" />
<uses-permission android:name="android.permission.ACCESS_NETWORK_STATE" />
<application
android:name="com.codepath.android.simplechat.ChatApplication"
android:allowBackup="true"
android:icon="@mipmap/ic_launcher"
android:label="@string/app_name"
android:supportsRtl="true"
android:theme="@style/AppTheme">
<activity android:name="com.codepath.android.simplechat.ChatActivity">
<intent-filter>
<action android:name="android.intent.action.MAIN" />
<category android:name="android.intent.category.LAUNCHER" />
</intent-filter>
</activity>
</application>
</manifest>Run your project and test it out with your pair partner. Below is the final output.
